Purpose of the document
GÉANT presents a large number of services which are used by the community and internally. These publicly exposed services have, in most cases, further dependencies on system services such as authentication systems and databases. The expectation is that these services should be available 100% but in actuality they occasionally fail. Given this, duplicate copies of some services exist to provide redundancy, and while they are designed to protect from loss of data, failing-over the user interface requires manual intervention, which incurs a delay until carried out by an operator (this can sometime extend to a day or two if the outage occurs at the weekend, for instance). A further problem exists in that even where a service provides redundancy at the data and user-interface level, dependent services upon which they rely often are not redundant, which means that there is nothing to fail over to and the underlying service needs to be repaired before the service is fully restored.
The following describes structures and facilities that will be introduced to improve service resilience and reliability in GÉANT.
Problems being addressed
A couple or examples of specific problems which have occurred in the recent past are listed here.
Dashboard
Two productions dashboard servers exist but users access a specific dashboard via a DNS CNAME dashboard-primary.geant.net. If the server to which the CNAME refers fails for any reason, an operator needs to manually adjust the value of the CNAME to point to he other dashboard.
Crowd authentication
Many systems, such as JIRA and Dashboard, depend on the Crowd server for user authentication and access control. The crowd server has failed occasionally in the past and prevented user access to Dashboard or JIRA. Providing a second Crowd server which can be failed-over to is relatively straight-forward (indeed, the uat-crowd server is configured identically to the prod-crowd) but failing-over to it is still a manual task in the current infrastructure.
A number of other services, such as cacti, poller, compendium, and generally most of the newer servers have redundant copies deployed (as prod-somename01 and prod-somename02 servers) but none are set up for automatic failover and all would expose a loss of service if the 01 server failed.
Generally, all service deployment can be done in the context of redundant services to provide high availability. The impact to SWD is low. Services should be deployed such that they are essentially the primary in every case.
Design goals
Provide an infrastructure which supports automatic service failover. Service failover should be invisible to users of a service.
Provide an infrastructure which provides service discoverability, where services:
- auto-register when available
- auto-deregister when no-longer available
Provide a zero downtime scheduled maintenance framework: in a system which employs redundant services, maintenance can be scheduled such that there is no loss of service, and that users are unaware that maintenance is on-going.
Automate service recovery, tolerant of system failure, within the context of the service reliability infrastructure. What this means is that, where possible, services should self-heal.
Monitor service availability. Services should be monitored for availability and redundancy.
Identify and document remaining single points of failure.
Platform design
The current infrastructure tightly couples services with the server it is deployed upon. The following describe a setup which maintains the coupling of the service to a specific server but uses service discovery tools and DNS to advertise services dynamically.
The service discovery tool is an agent called Consul developed by HashiCorp (the same company responsible for Vagrant and Terraform).
The Consul agent operates in either client or server mode. Consul clients, running on GÉANT linux servers, register services with the Consul server. The Consul server then has a record of services running on the network and where they are located. With this information it can either act as a source for DNS lookups (via a DNS forward zone) or can update the network DNS server with information it knows about network services.
In this setup the consul client agent is installed on every node. Included with the service when it is deployed on a server, is the consul configuration for the service, and the agent uses this to register the service with the Consul Server. The Consul agent configuration includes a health check stanza which the Consul Server uses to confirm the health of a particular service and, thus, determines whether the service is advertised for use.
Services are advertised in DNS. The Consul Servers can by queried directly via a DNS forwarder, for instance, alternatively the Consul server can update GÉANT's DNS infrastructure but periodically pushing DNS zone files to Infoblox. A DNS query port on a consul server is a single point of failure so pushing a zone file to Infoblox is a more appropriate solution.
Example for the crowd service
As an example consider the Atlassian Crowd service deployed onto two servers:
prod-crowd01.geant.org
- location: Frankfurt PoP
- IP: 1.1.1.10
- service name: crowd
- consul agent
prod-crowd02.geant.org
- location: City House PoP
- IP: 1.1.1.11
- service name: crowd
- consul agent
consul-server01(02 and 03)
- consul agent
Infoblox (DNS):
- zone: geant.services
- crowd
- IP: 1.1.1.10
- IP: 1.1.1.11
- crowd
In the above setup, a client connection connects to crowd.geant.services, the DNS lookup will return either 1.1.1.10 or 1.1.1.11 (it doesn't matter as long as crowd works on them both). If the crowd service on prod-crowd02 fails (or the server fails, or if there are connectivity problems), the consul server detects this and updates the zone file to look like this:
Infloblox:
- zone: geant.services
- crowd
- IP: 1.1.1.10
- crowd
In this case, a lookup of crowd.geant.services will return 1.1.1.10 only.
Summary - particulars
Consul: provides service discovery
Infoblox: DNS for services
Install the consul agent on all servers which have services to be discovered
Have a quorum of consul servers
Consul server creates/generates DNS zonefile which is pushed to infoblox.